ECCouncil EC-Council Certified CISO (CCISO) 712-50 Exam Dumps: Updated Questions & Answers (January 2026)

Understanding Cost Variance (CV) in Earned Value Management (EVM):

CV = Earned Value (EV) - Actual Cost (AC).

A CV of -1,200 indicates that the project has spent more than its earned value, meaning it is over budget.

Why Not Other Options:

B: Reserve budgets are unrelated to CV.

C: CV of zero would indicate alignment with the budget.

D: A negative CV explicitly means over budget, not under.

 Compliance with Privacy Regulations:

Organizations retaining and using sensitive customer data must comply with local privacy laws (e.g., GDPR, CCPA). These laws define requirements for data collection, storage, and usage to protect customer rights.

 Legal and Ethical Considerations:

Failure to adhere to local privacy laws can result in legal penalties, financial losses, and reputational harm.

 Supporting Reference:

EC-Council CCISO emphasizes the importance of compliance with applicable privacy laws to mitigate risks associated with customer data handling.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (250–350 words)

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The EC-Council CCISO program defines RACI as a governance and accountability model standing for Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed. CCISO documentation emphasizes that RACI matrices are critical for clarifying ownership, decision authority, and communication paths within security programs and enterprise initiatives.

“Responsible” identifies who performs the work, while “Accountable” designates the single individual ultimately answerable for outcomes. “Consulted” parties provide input or expertise, and “Informed” stakeholders are kept aware of progress or decisions. CCISO materials stress that proper use of RACI reduces confusion, eliminates duplicated effort, and strengthens executive oversight.

Other options either misrepresent governance terminology or omit accountability, which CCISO explicitly identifies as essential for security leadership. Therefore, Option B is correct.

 Understanding SQL Injection Attacks:

SQL injection exploits vulnerabilities in an application’s interaction with a database by injecting malicious SQL code to manipulate queries.

 About the Text ' or 1=1 --:

The input ' or 1=1 -- always evaluates to true (1=1) and the -- comments out the rest of the SQL statement.

This allows attackers to bypass authentication or extract unauthorized data.

 Why Not Other Options:

B. /../../../../: Represents a directory traversal attack, not SQL injection.

C. "DROP TABLE USERNAME": A destructive SQL command but not indicative of basic injection techniques.

D. NOPS: Refers to no-operation instructions used in buffer overflow attacks, not SQL injection.

 EC-Council Guidance:

Recognizing and mitigating SQL injection is critical to securing database-driven applications, as emphasized in secure coding practices.

 Change Requests in Risk Management:

Corrective actions are steps taken to address and rectify existing deviations or issues. These actions often lead to change requests to ensure systems align with organizational policies or frameworks.

 Why This is Correct:

Corrective actions inherently involve changes to existing processes, configurations, or systems to address gaps or issues.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Preventive actions: Aim to avoid issues, not correct existing ones.

B. Inspection: Identifies issues but doesn’t directly result in change requests.

C. Defect repair: May lead to changes but is typically specific to fixing defects, not broad corrective actions.

 References:

EC-Council emphasizes the importance of corrective actions in managing deviations, aligning them with the need for formal change management processes.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (250–350 words) From Exact Extract from Chief Information Security Officer (CCISO) Documents:

According to the EC-Council CCISO Body of Knowledge, the data owner holds the primary responsibility for determining access rights requirements to information. CCISO guidance defines the data owner as the individual or role accountable for the classification, protection, and authorized use of specific data sets.

The data owner determines who should have access, what level of access is appropriate, and under what conditions access may be granted or revoked. This responsibility is based on business context, regulatory obligations, and risk considerations.

The CIO, CISO, and database engineers play supporting roles. The CIO oversees IT strategy, the CISO establishes security policies and controls, and database engineers implement access controls—but none of these roles define business-driven access requirements.

CCISO materials stress that access control decisions must be business-owned, not purely technical. This ensures accountability and alignment with organizational objectives.

Therefore, the correct and CCISO-validated answer is Data owner.

 First Action After Receiving an Audit Report

The CISO must first validate the findings to ensure the accuracy of identified gaps. This includes confirming the audit results and deciding whether to accept or dispute the findings based on evidence.

This step ensures that the organization focuses on addressing genuine issues and avoids unnecessary remediation efforts.

 Why Not Other Options?

A. Inform peer executives: Premature without validating the accuracy of the findings.

C. Create remediation plans: Cannot proceed without validating the gaps.

D. Determine adequacy of policies: A broader task that comes after validating specific findings.

 EC-Council References

Emphasizes the importance of validating audit findings before proceeding with remediation or executive reporting.

 Explanation:

Granting broad access to critical functions like accounting period setups is often a result of inadequate segregation of duties.

Proper policies would limit access to essential personnel, reducing the risk of errors or fraud.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Changing periods regularly: Does not justify access beyond finance personnel.

B. Posting entries for a closed period: Limited personnel should handle this, not multiple departments.

C. Chart of accounts modifications: A specialized task, not broadly needed across departments.

 EC-Council CISO Reference:

Reinforces the need for strict access controls and clear segregation of duties as a security best practice.

 Importance of Executive Relationships:

Enables collaboration and alignment with business goals.

Secures funding and organizational support for security initiatives.

Positions the CISO as a strategic partner in decision-making.

 Why This is Most Dependent:

Building strong relationships ensures the CISO can influence and lead effectively across the organization.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Favorable audit findings: Reflect success but don’t drive it.

B. Recommendations from consultants/contractors: Supplement internal strategies but aren’t critical.

D. Raising awareness among end-users: Necessary but secondary to executive alignment.

 References:

EC-Council underscores the CISO’s need to cultivate relationships with key executives to ensure success and strategic impact.

Purpose of Tripwire:

Tripwire is a file integrity monitoring (FIM) tool designed to alert administrators when critical or essential files are altered.

It works by creating a baseline of file states and comparing subsequent states to detect unauthorized changes.

Relevance to the Scenario:

Simon’s organization needs to monitor for file changes after an intrusion that modified website files.

Tools like Tripwire help in detecting and addressing tampering with critical files.

Why Not Other Options:

Nessus: Focuses on vulnerability scanning, not file monitoring.

Wireshark: Analyzes network traffic but doesn’t monitor file integrity.

Snort: IDS/IPS tool for detecting network intrusions, not file-level monitoring.

 Steps in Certification and Accreditation

Evaluating: Assess security controls to identify gaps and areas of improvement.

Describing: Document the system, including security controls and configurations.

Testing: Perform validation testing to ensure controls meet security requirements.

Authorizing: Obtain formal approval to operate based on evaluation results and residual risk.

 Comparison of Options

B. Evaluating, purchasing, testing, authorizing: Does not include describing, which is critical for documentation.

C. Auditing, documenting, verifying, certifying: Auditing and verifying are part of testing but are incomplete as standalone steps.

D. Discovery, testing, authorizing, certifying: Overlaps with evaluating but lacks specificity for describing.

 EC-Council References

Certification and accreditation frameworks (e.g., NIST RMF, ISO 27001) outline these steps for ensuring secure system authorization.

 Operational Component of an IRP:

Daily monitoring ensures that new vulnerabilities impacting the organization's technologies are identified and addressed promptly.

 Proactive Incident Management:

Staying updated on vulnerabilities is critical for preventing exploitation and minimizing incident impacts.

 Supporting Reference:

CCISO emphasizes the importance of proactive vulnerability monitoring as part of a robust Incident Response Program (IRP).

 Explanation:

Evaluating a vendor’s security posture and compliance level prior to signing the agreement ensures that potential risks are identified and mitigated early in the process.

It also ensures that the vendor aligns with the organization's security policies and regulatory requirements before gaining access to sensitive systems or data.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. At the time the security services are being performed: By this stage, risks might already have been introduced.

B. Once the agreement has been signed: This exposes the organization to contractual obligations without ensuring proper security controls.

C. Once the vendor is on-premise: At this point, it may be too late to address security gaps or terminate the relationship without significant disruption.

 EC-Council CISO Reference:

Vendor risk management processes outlined in the curriculum emphasize pre-contractual due diligence as a best practice for reducing third-party risks.

 Explanation:

Security managers are responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the information security program.

Their role includes coordinating activities, managing staff, and ensuring policies and procedures are implemented and followed consistently.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Security administrators: Focus on implementing and maintaining security systems but do not oversee operations.

C. Security technicians: Handle technical tasks like configuring systems but do not manage programs.

D. Security analysts: Primarily analyze and report on security events and incidents.

 EC-Council CISO Reference:

The curriculum highlights the role of security managers in operational accountability, ensuring the security program functions efficiently.

Immutable data storage is highly effective against ransomware threats because it ensures that stored data cannot be altered or deleted, even by malicious actors. This allows organizations to recover from ransomware attacks quickly without paying ransoms. Phishing exercises (A) and endpoint anti-malware (D) are preventive measures, while blocking wireless networks (C) is unrelated to ransomware mitigation.